Monolithic Interphase Enables Fast Kinetics for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries at Subzero Temperature.

In spite of the competitive performance at room temperature, the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is still hindered by sluggish electrochemical reaction kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interphase under subzero environments. Herein, a low-concentration electrolyte, consisting of 0.5M NaPF6 dissolving in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether solvent, is proposed for SIBs working at low temperature. Such an electrolyte generates a thin, amorphous, and homogeneous cathode/electrolyte interphase at low temperature. The interphase is monolithic and rich in organic components, reducing the limitation of Na+ migration through inorganic crystals, thereby facilitating the interfacial Na+ dynamics at low temperature. Furthermore, it effectively blocks the unfavorable side reactions between active materials and electrolytes, improving the structural stability. Consequently, Na0.7Li0.03Mg0.03Ni0.27Mn0.6Ti0.07O2//Na and hard carbon//Na cells deliver a high capacity retention of 90.8 % after 900 cycles at 1C, a capacity over 310 mAh g-1 under -30 °C, respectively, showing long-term cycling stability and great rate capability at low temperature.

CYSLTR1 antagonist inhibits Th17 cell differentiation by regulating the NF-κB signaling for the treatment of psoriasis.

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CYSLTR1) is observed to increase in psoriatic skin lesions. Montelukast, a CYSLTR1 antagonist, effectively treats inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and atopic dermatitis. Thus, blocking CYSLTR1 may be a promising strategy for psoriasis immunotherapy. We prepared a montelukast sodium cream and solution and investigated their effects on psoriasis-like skin lesions induced by imiquimod (IMQ). After the treatment, serum, skin, and spleen samples were collected for evaluation. We treated human T helper (Th) 17 cells with montelukast in vitro to study its effect on Th17 differentiation and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling. We also created a keratinocyte proliferation model induced by M5 cytokines and assessed the influence of montelukast on key psoriasis-related genes. We induced psoriasis in CYSLTR1 knockout (KO) mice using IMQ to explore the role of CYSLTR1 in psoriasis development. Montelukast sodium cream and solution effectively reduced the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) and alleviated disease symptoms in IMQ-induced mice. Furthermore, reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells (Th1, Th17, and T follicular helper [Tfh] cells), decreased mRNA expression of cytokines in the skin (interleukin [IL]-17/F and IL-23), and lower serum concentrations of various cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-13, and IL-17A/F) were observed. Montelukast cream and solution also decreased spleen size and the proportion of Th17 and Tfh cells, and significantly inhibited NF-κB signaling-related genes after application. Moreover, montelukast inhibited Th17 cell differentiation and suppressed NF-κB signaling in vitro. CYSLTR1 KO mice induced with IMQ showed improvement in PASI scores, serum IL-17A/F levels, and lower Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen and skin compared to wild-type mice. Montelukast also suppressed the proliferation and inflammatory response of keratinocytes by regulating NF-κB signaling. Collectively, our results strongly indicate that inhibition of CYSLTR1 signaling to target the Th17 response holds significant promise as a therapeutic approach to manage psoriasis.

How dyadic appraisal moderate the association between dyadic coping and diabetes management efficacy.

To explore the moderating role of dyadic appraisal in the association between dyadic coping and diabetes management efficacy. Two hundred seventy six middle-aged and older couple pairs with one spouse who had diabetes were recruited from 14 community healthcare centers across Guangzhou. The moderating role of dyadic appraisal was investigated using the actor-partner interdependence moderation model. When both couples considered diabetes to be a shared condition, statistically-significant associations were found between patients' negative (ß = -22.7, p = 0.008) and neutral behaviors (ß = 13.6, p = 0.017), plus spouses' positive behaviors (ß = 22.8, p = 0.009) on their own diabetes management efficacy, respectively (i.e. actor effects); as well as between spouses' positive (ß = 16.8, p = 0.028), negative (ß = -28.5, p < 0.001), and neutral behaviors (ß = 16.9, p = 0.006) on patient's diabetes management efficacy (i.e. partner effects). Dyadic appraisal moderates the association between dyadic coping and diabetes management efficacy.

Electron Transfer Efficiency-Regulated Electrochemiluminescence for Rapid Crystallinity Analysis in Layered Materials.

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) signal is largely determined by the electron transfer efficiency. Therefore, in the nanomaterial-involved ECL system, the structure-related electron distribution could affect the electron transfer efficiency and further alter the ECL intensity. These features make the design of versatile ECL-based analytical techniques for probing the correlated structure possible. And it is generally accepted that the increased crystallinity of nanomaterials usually leads to a uniform electron distribution, which provides higher conductivity. Therefore, the crystallinity-improved conductivity could facilitate electron transfer, promote the electrochemical activity of support materials, and boost the efficiency of the ECL reaction. In this study, we have demonstrated that the ECL signal of the graphitic carbon nitride reporter was proportional to the crystallinity of layered double hydroxides (LDHs), which meets the supposition well. On the basis of this phenomenon, an ECL-based crystallinity analysis approach has been established using CdAl-LDHs as the model materials. The universality of this proposed technique was further validated by the rapid and accurate crystallinity determination of ZnAl-LDH samples with diverse crystallinities. This work not only contributes an alternative to the X-ray diffraction technique for the rapid screening of crystallinity in layered materials but also opens a new avenue for the design of ECL-based structure analysis techniques toward nanomaterials and even organic materials by involving electron transfer regulation correlation.

The regulatory relationship between NAMPT and PD-L1 in cancer and identification of a dual-targeting inhibitor.

Cancer is a heterogeneous disease. Although both tumor metabolism and tumor immune microenvironment are recognized as driving factors in tumorigenesis, the relationship between them is still not well-known, and potential combined targeting approaches remain to be identified. Here, we demonstrated a negative correlation between the expression of NAMPT, an NAD+ metabolism enzyme, and PD-L1 expression in various cancer cell lines. A clinical study showed that a NAMPTHigh PD-L1Low expression pattern predicts poor prognosis in patients with various cancers. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of NAMPT results in the transcription upregulation of PD-L1 by SIRT-mediated acetylation change of NF-κB p65, and blocking PD-L1 would induce NAMPT expression through a HIF-1-dependent glycolysis pathway. Based on these findings, we designed and synthesized a dual NAMPT/PD-L1 targeting compound, LZFPN-90, which inhibits cell growth in a NAMPT-dependent manner and blocks the cell cycle, subsequently inducing apoptosis. Under co-culture conditions, LZFPN-90 treatment contributes to the proliferation and activation of T cells and blocks the growth of cancer cells. Using mice bearing genetically manipulated tumors, we confirmed that LZFPN-90 exerted target-dependent antitumor activities, affecting metabolic processes and the immune system. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the relevance of NAD+-related metabolic processes in antitumor immunity and suggest that co-targeting NAD+ metabolism and PD-L1 represents a promising therapeutic approach.

Hyperspectral digital holography realized by using an electro-optical frequency comb via injection locking.

Hyperspectral digital holography (HSDH) is a versatile holographic imaging technique that offers large unambiguous depth range and spectroscopic information. In this Letter, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, HSDH system that is realized by using an electro-optical frequency comb (EOFC) via injection locking. In comparison with conventional dual-comb HSDH, the proposed system only requires one EOFC and few other devices, which not only simplifies the system structure and reduces the cost but also improves the imaging speed. We validated the system using an EOFC with 20 optical frequencies spaced at 18 GHz intervals. In a total measurement time of 0.5 s, we successfully captured images of two targets that were 0.74 mm apart without phase ambiguity and obtained the transmission spectrum of an absorbing gas simultaneously. This work provides valuable insights for HSDH systems relying on an optical frequency comb.

A comprehensive investigation on the chemical changes of traditional Chinese medicine with classic processing technology: Polygonum multiflorum under nine cycles of steaming and sunning as a case study.

The processing of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays an important role in the clinical application, which usually has the function of "increasing efficiency and reducing toxicity". Polygonum multiflorum (PM) has been reported to induce hepatotoxicity, while it is believed that the toxicity is reduced after processing. Studies have shown that the hepatotoxicity of PM is closely related to the changes in chemical components before and after processing. However, there is no comprehensive investigation on the chemical changes of PM during the processing progress. In this research, we established a comprehensive method to profile both small molecule compounds and polysaccharides from raw and different processed PM samples. In detail, an online two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (2D-LC/Q-Orbitrap MS) was utilized to investigate the small molecules, and a total of 150 compounds were characterized successfully. After multivariate statistical analysis, 49 differential compounds between raw and processed products were screened out. Furthermore, an accurate and comprehensive method for quantification of differential compounds in PM samples was established based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/Q-Orbitrap-MS (UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS) within 16 min. In addition, the changes of polysaccharides in different PM samples were analyzed, and it was found that the addition of black beans and steaming times would affect the content and composition of polysaccharides in PM significantly. Our work provided a reference basis for revealing the scientific connotation of the processing technology and increasing the quality control and safety of PM.

Real-Time NMR-Based Drug Discovery to Identify Inhibitors against Fatty Acid Synthesis in Living Cancer Cells.

Abnormal fatty acid metabolism is recognized as a key driver of tumor development and progression. Although numerous inhibitors have been developed to target this pathway, finding drugs with high specificity that do not disrupt normal cellular metabolism remains a formidable challenge. In this paper, we introduced a novel real-time NMR-based drug screening technique that operates within living cells. This technique provides a direct way to putatively identify molecular targets involved in specific metabolic processes, making it a powerful tool for cell-based drug screening. Using 2-13C acetate as a tracer, combined with 3D cell clusters and a bioreactor system, our approach enables real-time detection of inhibitors that target fatty acid metabolism within living cells. As a result, we successfully demonstrated the initial application of this method in the discovery of traditional Chinese medicines that specifically target fatty acid metabolism. Elucidating the mechanisms behind herbal medicines remains challenging due to the complex nature of their compounds and the presence of multiple targets. Remarkably, our findings demonstrate the significant inhibitory effect of P. cocos on fatty acid synthesis within cells, illustrating the potential of this approach in analyzing fatty acid metabolism events and identifying drug candidates that selectively inhibit fatty acid synthesis at the cellular level. Moreover, this systematic approach represents a valuable strategy for discovering the intricate effects of herbal medicine.

Combined NMR and MS-based metabonomics and real-time PCR analyses reveal dynamic metabolic changes of Ganoderma lucidum during fruiting body growing.

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a rare medicinal fungus with various beneficial properties. One of its main components, ganoderic acids (GAs), are important triterpenoids known for their sedative and analgesic, hepatoprotective, and anti-tumor activities. Understanding the growth and development of the G. lucidum fruiting body is crucial for determining the optimal time to harvest them. In this study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to systematically characterize the metabolites of G. lucidum at seven distinct developmental stages. We also measured the contents of seven kinds of GAs using LC-MS/MS. A total of 49 metabolites were detected in G. lucidum, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids and GAs. During the transition from the bud development period (I) to the budding period (II), we observed a rapid accumulation of glucose, tyrosine, nicotinamide ribotide, inosine and GAs. After the budding period, the contents of most metabolites decreased until the mature period (VII). In addition, the contents of GAs showed an initial raising, followed by a decline during the elongation period, except for GAF, which exhibited a rapid raise during the mature stage. We also detected the expression of several genes involved in GA synthesis, finding that most genes including 16 cytochrome P450 monooxygenase were all down-regulated during periods IV and VII compared to period I. These findings provide valuable insights into the dynamic metabolic profiles of G. lucidum throughout its growth stage, and it is recommended to harvest G. lucidum at period IV.

Preliminary Study on the Correlation Between Episcleral Venous Pressure and Intraocular Pressure in TAO Patients and Its Clinical Value.

Objective: To study the correlation between episcleral vein pressure (EVP) with intraocular pressure (IOP), exophthalmos, and optic nerve injury in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients and to explore the possibility of higher EVP as an intervention indicator in TAO patients. Methods: This study was a case-control study, including the TAO group and normal control group. TAO group: 15 patients (30 eyes) were diagnosed with TAO complicated with exophthalmos. Normal control group: 14 cases, 28 eyes. EVP, IOP, exophthalmos, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and visual field were measured, respectively in the two groups. Non-parametric test was used to compare the difference between EVP and IOP between the two groups, test the correlation between EVP and IOP or exophthalmos, and analyze the clinical characteristics of optic nerve injury in patients with elevated IOP in the TAO group. Results: The EVP in the TAO group (15.30±3.48 mmHg) was significantly higher than the normal control group (8.82±1.44 mmHg) (P < .001). The IOP in the TAO group (18.55±8.13 mmHg) was significantly higher than in the normal control group (12.98±2.10 mmHg) (P < .001) (3) There was a positive linear correlation between EVP (X) and IOP (Y) in TAO group: Y = 0.9684x + 3.737 (rs>0, P < .05); There was a positive linear correlation between EVP (Y) and exophthalmos (X) in TAO group: Y = 0.9218x - 2.691 (rs>0, P < .05); Some TAO patients with elevated EVP had the related manifestations of optic nerve function impairment: thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer and loss of visual field. However, there was no clear correlation between EVP and the thickness of the optic nerve fiber layer (P = .4354). Conclusion: The increase of EVP is an important factor leading to elevated IOP in TAO patients, which may be used as an indicator for intervention treatment in TAO patients. EVP can be used to indirectly evaluate orbital pressure. TAO patients can develop secondary glaucoma with irreversible optic nerve damage due to the continuous Elevation of EVP.

T cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain as a promising immune checkpoint target for the treatment of SLE.

Immune checkpoints (ICs) play a pivotal role in orchestrating immune regulation, crucial for the maintenance of immune tolerance and prevention of autoimmune diseases. One noteworthy example among these immune regulators is T cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domain (TIGIT). The TIGIT pathway's inhibition or the absence of TIGIT has been linked to the hyperactivation and excessive proliferation of T cells, rendering individuals more susceptible to autoimmune diseases and exacerbating inflammatory responses. Conversely, the activation of TIGIT has exhibited promising outcomes in ameliorating autoimmune disorders, as observed in murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Consequently, a judicious exploration of the co-inhibitory axis appears warranted for the effective management of pathogenic immune responses in SLE. In light of compelling evidence, this review undertakes a comprehensive examination of TIGIT's characteristics within the context of autoimmunity, offering insights into its potential as a therapeutic target for SLE.

Design of synthetic peptide-based fluorescence probes for turn-on detection of hyaluronan.

Herein, we designed and examined a series of fluorescent peptide-based probes for turn-on detection of hyaluronan (HA), a member of the glycosaminoglycan family. We utilized two kinds of synthetic HA-binding peptides as the binding unit for HA, and each peptide was coupled with three kinds of environment-sensitive fluorophores as the signaling unit. From the examination of the peptides, fluorophores, and the position and number of fluorophore modification, we found that X7 peptide (RYPISRPRKR) labelled with an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorogen, tetraphenylethene (TPE), at the N-terminal (named TPE-X7) did function as a light-up probe for HA. The response of TPE-X7 was highly selective to higher molecular weight HA in comparison with lower ones, having the possible potential for the analysis of HA size. TPE-X7 was also applicable to the quantification of HA in synovial fluids.

Hydration deactivation mechanism of the 〈100〉 oriented cuprous oxide photocathodes in solar water splitting and the regenerated three-dimensional structure.

Photocorrosion is the most ticklish problem of cuprous oxide (Cu2O), and it is widely assumed that the deactivation of Cu2O photocathodes in solar water splitting is caused by spontaneous oxidation-reduction (REDOX) reactions. However, this work shows that 〈100〉-oriented Cu2O photocathodes undergo a non-REDOX hydration deactivation mechanism. Briefly, water molecules are embedded in the Cu2O crystals at low potential under illumination and produce amorphous CuOH, which can be dehydrated at high potential to heal the Cu-O-Cu bonds and regenerate foamed Cu2O films with a three-dimensional skeleton structure. This study provides a new insight towards the protection and application of Cu2O photocathodes.

Plasmonic filter paper for preconcentration, separation and SERS detection harmful chemicals in chili product by fluid flow.

We proposed a triple functional SERS substrate by immobilized Ag nanoparticles on the surface of filter paper. The high dense Ag nanoparticles were distributed on the SERS substrate via in-situ growth process. By optimizing the parameter in preparation process, the optimal filter paper SERS substrate was fabricated by using 30 mM of AgNO3 with 20 S growth time. Due to capillary-effect wicking of cellulose fiber, the paper SERS substrate provide simple, fast and pump-free function for transferring analyte onto sharp tip through development of fluid. The fluid flow also brings target concentrate effect within the tip area. Furthermore, the separation feasibility was obtained during the development process of fluid. The preconcentrated effects not only enhanced the SERS signal of analyte, but also improve the fluorescence visible effect. The filter paper SERS substrate was successfully used for separating, concentrating and detecting Sudan dye from chili product, the detection limit could achieve 10-6 M. This study developed a portable, cost-effective and eco-friendly SERS substrate for separating and detecting trace chemical in food.

Circ-CARD6 inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and autophagy in ARPE-19 cells via the miR-29b-3p/PRDX6/PI3K/Akt axis.

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress-induced damage and dysfunction of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are important pathogenetic factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and hereditary retinopathy diseases (HRDs). This study aimed to elucidate the roles and mechanisms of circ-CARD6 and miR-29b-3p in oxidative stress-induced RPE and provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy disease (RD). METHODS: A model of oxidative stress-induced RPE (ARPE-19) was established, and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by a DCFH-DA fluorescent probe and MDA kit. The cell viability was measured by a CCK-8 assay. The expression of PRDX6/PI3K/Akt axis genes and proteins related to apoptosis and autophagy were determined by RT‒qPCR and Western blot analyses. The dual-luciferase reporter system confirmed the targeting relationship between miR-29b-3p and circ-CARD6 and between miR-29b-3p and PRDX6. RESULTS: In H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells, the expression of circ-CARD6 and PRDX6 was decreased, while the expression of miR-29b-3p was increased. The overexpression of circ-CARD6 inhibits oxidative stress-induced increases in ROS, apoptosis and autophagy in ARPE-19 cells. circ-CARD6 targets miR-29b-3p, miR-29b-3p targets PRDX6, and circ-CARD6 regulates PRDX6 via miR-29b-3p. Further studies showed that circ-CARD6 acts as a competitive endogenous RNA of miR-29b-3p to affect the expression of PRDX6, thereby inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSION: circ-CARD6 can inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis by regulating the miR-29b-3p/PRDX6/PI3K/Akt axis.

The Interplay Between HIF-1α and EZH2 in Lung Cancer and Dual-Targeted Drug Therapy.

Interactions between oncogenic proteins contribute to the phenotype and drug resistance. Here, EZH2 (enhancer of zest homolog 2) is identified as a crucial factor that mediates HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor) inhibitor resistance. Mechanistically, targeting HIF-1 enhanced the activity of EZH2 through transcription activation of SUZ12 (suppressor of zest 12 protein homolog). Conversely, inhibiting EZH2 increased HIF-1α transcription, but not the transcription of other HIF family members. Additionally, the negative feedback regulation between EZH2 and HIF-1α is confirmed in lung cancer patient tissues and a database of cell lines. Moreover, molecular prediction showed that a newly screened dual-target compound, DYB-03, forms multiple hydrogen bonds with HIF-1α and EZH2 to effectively inhibit the activity of both targets. Subsequent studies revealed that DYB-03 could better inhibit migration, invasion, and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells and HUVECs in vitro and in vivo compared to single agent. DYB-03 showed promising antitumor activity in a xenograft tumor model by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis, which could be almost abolished by the deletion of HIF-1α and EZH2. Notably, DYB-03 could reverse 2-ME2 and GSK126-resistance in lung cancer. These findings clarified the molecular mechanism of cross-regulation of HIF-1α and EZH2, and the potential of DYB-03 for clinical combination target therapy.

ChromEDA: Chromosome classification by ensemble framework based domain adaptation.

The precise identification of chromosomal abnormalities based on microscopy images in clinics heavily relies on manual analysis by karyotype experts, which is expensive and labor-intensive. Therefore, there is an urgent need for automatic classification technologies. However, current deep learning-based methods require a large amount of annotated data to achieve satisfactory performance. Additionally, there are domain shifts between datasets obtained from different instruments and clinical agencies, which hinders the utilization of existing public data resources. To overcome these challenges, we propose a novel ensemble learning framework called ChromEDA. This method incorporates soft pseudo-label learning, adversarial learning, and angle classification learning strategies to mitigate the domain shift. To evaluate its performance, we conducted cross-domain classification experiments using both public and private datasets. The results demonstrate that ChromEDA effectively addresses the domain shift issue and outperforms existing methods in cross-domain chromosome classification tasks. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: The research transferred an unsupervised cross-domain algorithm into the chromosome microscopic image processing area, which can support fast and efficient deployment in equipment such as microscopies. To our knowledge, it is the first domain adaption application in chromosome image analysis. The research designed an ensemble learning framework-based chromosome classification model to alleviate the domain shift between different domains. It is a combination of soft pseudo-label learning, adversarial learning, and self-supervised angle recognition, which can significantly reduce the annotation requirements for chromosomal image processing. The results find that for chromosomes sharing the same centromere position category, banding information may contribute more to within-group classification. Thus, banding pattern information is encouraged to be considered for more precise classification of chromosomes.

Controlled establishment of advanced local high-entropy NiCoMnFe-based layered double hydroxide for zinc batteries and low-temperature supercapacitors.

The development of high-performance electrodes is essential for improving the charge storage performance of rechargeable devices. In this study, local high-entropy C, N co-doped NiCoMnFe-based layered double hydroxide (C/N-NiCoMnFe-LDH, C/N-NCMF) were designed using a novel method. Multi-component synergistic effects can dramatically modulate the surface electron density, crystalline structure, and band-gap of the electrode. Thus, the electrical conductivity, electron transfer, and affinity for the electrolyte can be optimized. Additionally, the C/N-NCMF yielded a high specific capacitance (1454F·g-1) at 1 A·g-1. The electrode also exhibited excellent cycling stability, with 62 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. Moreover, the assembled Zn||C/N-NCMF battery and the C/N-NCMF//AC hybrid supercapacitor yielded excellent energy densities of 63.1 and 35.4 Wh·kg-1 at power densities of 1000 and 825 W·kg-1, and superior cycling performance with 69 % and 88.7 % capacitance retention after 1000 and 30,000 cycles, respectively. Furthermore, the electrode maintained high electrochemical activity and stability and ensured high energy density, power density, and cycling stability of the rechargeable devices even at a low temperature (-20 °C). This study paves a new pathway for regulating the electrochemical performance of LDH-based electrodes.

Electronic States Tailoring and Pinning Effect Boost High-Power Sodium-Ion Storage of Oriented Hollow P2-Type Cathode Materials.

Fierce phase transformation and limited sodium ion diffusion dynamics are critical obstacles that hinder the practical energy storage applications of P2-type layered sodium transition metal oxides (NaxTMO2). Herein, a synergistic strategy of electronic state tailoring and pillar effect was carefully implemented by substituting divalent Mg2+ into Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 material with unique oriented hollow rodlike structures. Mg2+substitution can not only facilitate the anionic oxygen redox reactions and electronic conductivity through increasing the electronic states at Femi energy but also act as pillars within TMO2 layers to alleviate the severe phase transformation to improve structure stability. Moreover, the oriented hollow structure incorporating sufficient buffer spaces and rationally exposed electrochemically active facets effectively alleviates the stresses induced by low volume changes of 8% and provides more open channels for Na+ ion diffusion without crossing multiple grain boundaries. Hence, the Na0.67Mg0.08Ni0.25Mn0.67O2 cathode showed a superior rate capability with high energy density and cycling stability for sodium-ion storage. The underlying mechanisms of these achievements were deciphered through diversified dynamic analysis and the first principle calculations, providing new insights into P2-type NaxTMO2 cathodes for the infinite prospect as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries.

Scanning-free hybrid Rayleigh-Brillouin distributed fiber-optic sensing system.

Hybrid systems based on Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) utilizing Rayleigh backscattering light wave as a probe have enabled single-end and long-range distributed sensing for multiple parameters. However, the spatial resolution for dynamic parameter measurement is limited, and the frequency scanning process of BOTDA is time-consuming. To address these challenges, we propose a hybrid system that combines BOTDA and time-gated digital optical frequency domain reflectometry (TGD-OFDR), aiming to enhance the spatial resolution of dynamic measurements without compromising the system's signal-to-noise ratio and eliminate the frequency scanning process of BOTDA. In the experimental setup, we conducted measurements on a 9.52 km single-mode fiber. A sinusoidal vibration with a frequency of 3 kHz was measured with a spatial resolution of 3 m, achieving a noise floor of 0.05 nε/√Hz. Furthermore, temperature measurements with a spatial resolution of 10 m and a Brillouin frequency shift (BFS) measurement accuracy of 0.74 MHz were successfully obtained using the scanning-free single-end BOTDA technique. This hybrid system shows promising potential for various applications in distributed fiber-optic sensing.